Herein abbreviated version contained in the (total 64, April 2001), a long while on the online magazine Millennium History program is too large, I do not know whether the completion of his lifetime? online long view of the reader response has been caused in the country, so the did not clearly explain the methodology. was taken to explain the diversity of structure in which the seeds of capitalism is a main line. However, from the 1980s, economic determinism has been declining, and even the Millennium History program has to be from the methodological need for rectification.
one in the Western thought on the principles of the pursuit of it is gone Pa Manni bottom line of Sri Lanka and Plato, and it is equivalent to invariance and eternity until the evolution of Greek philosophy in modern Western theory of knowledge, it becomes a special time and space of the detached The rise, have always been the history of the Morrison are natural science experiment. it caused a specific time and space on the detached pursuit of the laws of nature, that is, the historical event as a > One can imagine that historians have no good opinion of such attempts, they will think that their identity will not be so low, only for the history of philosophy or even social sciences materials. However, only concerned with the unique history of the event will be relegated to narrow academic . In fact, any explanation must contain research a motive dialectic, class struggle, natural selection, life history of momentum to explain the whole approach. even if the 20th century leaves Toynbee, Spengler's civilization as thinking only as a lesson of failure. They certainly can take care of the particular phase of history, but the of course, have examples in history to explain how the law of causality in the matter: in 1605, the British Catholic plot to blow up Parliament with explosives, to assassinate the king, if brought to fruition, we use a causal relationship to explain how this event? I formulated this law of causality is as follows:
C1 + C2 + C3 + CN .....= E
Here, C1 is the hatred of Catholics on the Church of England there will lead to explosion, if not a historian, journalist, criminal police, will not pay attention to the specific space and time it occurred. For the historian for the British in 1605 all of its concerns. From a purely hypothetical point of view, only to be the memories, only makes sense only. African-American miss their leader Martin Luther King, read his life, such as the Martin Luther King replication Twenty-eight of them meaningless. Therefore, the historical events into framework of universal causality, just to explain the unique past, not predict the future in various time and space.
Toynbee, Spengler and others wrong is confused, sex. chronological narrative. It is for this confusion, Alexander Spengler that the classical culture of Western culture in the counterpart is Napoleon, Cromwell is where Muhammad, Western culture, and Toynbee laments Six thousand years of civilization is too short, the civilization that he can grasp only twenty-one, he discovered the law of nature can only be growing tired of specimens fully established. Even if a congressional explosives case, the causal relationship has a multitude of things, is a unique complex. soup, but the whole history of civilization and others as a unit, to find the rules of a synchronous, that is basically a law of causality and predictability of a misunderstanding.
my plans against the Road Millennium History the line, the is to let . In this paper the set time limit is nearly a thousand years, the space limitation is not the New World debut in front of the world, this list of facts for their participation in the era in 1000 Jesus is just an integer, such as according to the Hijri calendar, this point should not be the year 1000, and today nor the beginning of the third millennium. What, then, what in particular the year 1000? Four years ago, I was Memorial thousand Jubilee was an issue around this point and found that many items on it like a whirlpool of water converging in the course of history clearly visible ripples stirred bubble. This vortex appears occasionally in the history of 1. a mathematics literacy scholars have suggested that I apply the turn of the millennium: the birth of the European nations in accordance with generally
textbooks death in 476 West Rome, then enters the dark times, it was the origin of the Middle Ages. In fact, the Frank family of Charlemagne (Charlemagne) cooperate with the Holy See, In the 800 years or so would also like to restore Coleman. In the era of Charlemagne, it is pagan regions, many expeditions of Charlemagne, is to bring families into the local Christian Saxon territory. Ironically, in 962 years, but it is Saxon dynasty of Otto the Great (Otto the Great) or (Hugh Capet) Xifalanke local princes were held for the public and the King of France, replacing the throne to the descendants of Charlemagne, The Origin of France.
early as the mid-9th century, Carolingian Western Europe has been unable to defend the coast to avoid the Nordic pagan Vikings aggression. In 911, King Xifalanke restrict them had taken measures to cede the peninsula of Normandy, a Viking leader, use him to defend territory. his descendants and grew In 1066, these have been the Christian of the people expect it will become a member of the European culture. But then a large food regime change within the Empire, leading to Baghdad, independent, become the focus of Iberian history. But the regime's last strongman Ge Duowa Mansur (Al-Mansur) in 1002 after the death of the history of the peninsula began to shift power to the remaining Asian countries in the northern mountains of the Christian, their This year Mesko (Mieszko) Emirates on behalf of all his subjects to accept Christianity, and not directly from the Holy See at the church baptized by the Germans, these measures are in order to avoid annexation by its powerful neighbor, Otto the Great. In paying this price, Poland as a vassal of the same Germanic, but it can separate country. This arrangement is more or less defined a millennium after Poland and the triangular relationship between Germany and Rome, but also Poland and the Holy See that has remained particularly close relationship.
972, Otto the Great's chief to the closure Magyar Sapporo (Geza) as the (Stephen), after his successor to pick up 997 years before the pagan princes, had just consolidate the rule of the Magyar tribes, and in 1000 thanks to a gift by the Pope became a symbol of the Hungarian State, founding.
Nordic (Viking) Christianity of late after 10 to 11 centuries (but not last, bring up the rear is the Lithuanians in the 14th century.) King of Norway in the name of her husband a little Austrian II (Olaf II Haraldsson) (995-1030) period, approximately uniform in Norway, so he was able to promote Christianity in the country. Denmark 980 years ago in the blue tooth after Harold (Harold Bluetooth) unity, about the same time he decided to conversion to Christianity. Sweden in 1008 by King Olaf (Olof Skotkonung) taking the leadership, starting from the pagan, but in the 12th century the founding of the gradual completion. generally established by the Norwegian immigrants in Iceland, the Congress has appointed the year 1000 selection of a patriarch for the national religion, to avoid the religious civil war, he chose Christianity.
Russia's history more widely known: Kiev Prince Vladimir (Prince Vladimir) in 988 decided to accept the Greek Orthodox Byzantine Office , so that subjects from the original religion, the decision of Russia and Byzantine solid trade relations as particularly close, but in the last century as Saint Cyril (St. Cyril) and Shengmoduodi (St. Methodius) has been successfully trial the Cyrillic alphabet, Russia to accept the higher religion, the Greek Byzantine neither fear, nor fear the Latin of Rome, the culture can create their own identity into civilization. This step is to make Russia become a member of the European Christian world, However, baptized at Constantinople rather than Rome, but also planted the seeds of alienation in Europe paved the way for the nations of Latin .1056 Greek Orthodox Church formally split with Russia and Western Europe evolve along different paths thus a foregone conclusion.
is just above a list of some isolated incidents? If there was a meteorite falling from outer space, this area in Europe, to cut off its history, its history and our system does not occur between the Millennium. Since this did not happen in Western Europe and Russia to years later to become dominant forces in the world, before and after their formation in 1000 of the small streams is particularly important to cover its subsequent exchange for the tsunami waves.
three in transition, the Islamic world Muslim world at the turn of the millennium
is how a look like? its transformation are multiple, both parallel, and overlapping, also causing a chain reaction. First of all, in West Asia, it was the Iranians after the integration of the Muslim Arab culture out of the shadow of the Renaissance emerged, creating nearly The new Iranian culture a thousand years. Second, the West from the Arabs and the Iranians shared power to convert a large food empire, the Turks dominated the situation. Third, the loss of center in Baghdad, so long as North Africa Meng Muslim self-contained zone. Fourth, in the turn of the millennium, Africa is the first time on both sides of the black Muslim countries. Fifth, in addition to Africa, where the other two turn of the millennium is also the starting point: it is a Muslim Central Asia of the brilliant successor to the Han empire. They have disintegrated in the 10th century. Late in the central charge of the long-term subject to Jinjun eunuch, pay at the local level is trapped in the military commissioner, and finally death in 907 years. Caliphate in Baghdad 9th century by the Turks from the slave subject to the composition of the imperial guards, causing the weakening of central government have an independent local government, in the eastern command of the most powerful country is Samantha (Samanid Emirate) 2, it is guarding the moat between salt zones (and later annexed East Iran's Khorasan), on behalf of Islam to the Turkic Central Asia a The city of Samarkand is a particular center. Since the 7th century Arab conquest by Muslim fanatical Iranian culture than it is high, government, religion, literature and all have adopted Arabic, Iranian culture has been submerged for up to four centuries, but this case than in the remote areas in the central grave, therefore, a matter of course Renaissance was formed in Iran Iran and the moat between the East zone. In addition to the emergence of new scientific and philosophical achievements, but also to create a base in Middle Persian, but with a modified Arabic alphabet writing the This is a national epic of Homer level, because all references, therefore, to have the new Persian, and Iran has the role of cultural identity and stability. Ferdowsi's birth and death year of 835-1020 years, scholars generally believe that a book years around the year 1000.
As the central Baghdad, has experienced 14 consecutive years broke out in 869 layers of (Zanj) nigger big uprising, and experiences of the Huang Chao Rebellion (874-884) of the Tang Dynasty general , days are numbered. Tang and fall of an empire in 907 years, the big food is their last legs, but no doubt the rule of the Arabs to shut the shop, including all parts of Baghdad, including Gyeonggi into the hands of the Iranians. In 945 years, even one from Li Hainan coast Ye sects Buyi (Buyid) Group took control of Baghdad from the hands of the slave army to not for long. belong to Iranian leaders to defend Salman orthodox Sunni command of the country's flag held high, to compete with the Western Iranians Buyi. On the other hand, Salman defend the cause of the Islamic East Xinjiang Turkic Central Asia, a large number of conversion to Islam, resulting in Essenes (Ghaznavid) regime, a large food area is the first time the Turks State 4. From 992 onwards, the Central Asian black Khan (Karakhanid) Turks south, Salman guide States in the invasion of north-south cross the Turks under the death in AD 999. At this point, the black Khan Empire had converted to Islam.
around the year 1000, Seljuk Turks of Central Asia (Seljuks) of Islam also, and in 1028-1038 south on a large scale will gal regime expelled from Khorasan .1055 Essenes years, they eliminate Buyi regime, the occupation of Baghdad, the leader of numbers, in the 1071 hit which was Manzikert (Manzikert), began colonization in Asia Minor, provoked the Crusades in Western Europe.
Seljuk Turks Turkish people today, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Azerbaijan will lay the foundation population This is for ethnic groups concerned. to the Muslim world, the advent of the Muslim Turks brought a new force trusted zone, after a thousand years of military expansion is driven by them, provided that the Arab religion, Iran provided high culture. the power center of the Arab's the rise of sectarian leaves, it is not difficult to understand, Gaiha Li made the defenders of Sunni orthodoxy is, so many rebels were The Berbers converted to Islam a lot and become a Muslim force to enter the Iberian Peninsula. but they have been treated as second-class Arabs who embrace the separation of the first molecular Hawa therefore Lichi (Khawarij) to send 5, and then become a hotbed of Shiite. On this basis, 909 Arab leaders appeared in Fatima (Fatimid) dynasty .969, the annexation of the Shiite regime in Egypt, 973 years to build the new capital Cairo, to set up another Caliphate, Chinese history books on the ) St Law School. Egypt west of the regions have declared independence: Morocco (980), East of Algeria (1014), Tunisia and the Libolitan (now of Libya) (1049). Cairo government to punish them, then letting the two groups recently moved here from the nomadic Arab groups Benu Hilal and Benu Sulaym swept North Africa, only arrived in Morocco, only to be blocked into the door.
to be settled, largely shaped the way in North Africa today. Berbers in North Africa was originally zone But today, in addition to more than half of Morocco's Berbers, the Arabs gained the upper hand East Yigai. Malik Law School also from the domination of St North Africa, and thus introduced in West Africa. It sent the other three distinct regions: Hanafi (Hanafi) school mainly prevalent in the area of the former Ottoman Empire, Hanbali (Hanbali) sent only popular in the Arabian Peninsula, Shafi meter (Shafi'i) Law School St. covers Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and parts of Central Asia and Caucasus areas. Therefore, that regional identity formation in North Africa before and after 1000, is not an exaggeration.
extreme west of the Muslim world like the Far East with the Berbers are the Turks are just occupation force. different place is: Muslim Turks in Iran versions, and Berber is the Arabic version, and created the North African features. Berbers in turn spread to West Africa to North Africa edition. Western Sahara nomads Sangha Jia (Sanhaja) Berbers converted to Islam only in the 9th century, but was founded in 1036 has begun to cultivate fellow sports fanatic (the Almoravids), the Senegal River Basin black Africa applied pressure, the Kingdom of Ghana, the black ruling class adopted an expedient measure, before and after the 1075 conversion to Islam. But in 1040 before the neighbor's Taku Lu (Takrur) has been more sincerely embraced Islam.
back to West Africa Civilization began in the second millennium, has given a lot of room for indigenous religious left, but a higher religion of Islam is dominant, this situation is only the introduction of Christianity in modern times, the colonists after the break. If Islam in West Africa include the pagan nation, in the East African coast is to create a new nation. in the face of the Indian Ocean along the coast of East Africa, Arabia and Iran had a long established business travel base, and with the indigenous sexual intercourse, and gradually form a new Swahili (Swahili ) nation, its language to native Bantu (Bantu) language as a base, adding a lot of Arabic words and letters written in Arabic between .970 to 1050, the Swahili civilization began to bloom, its participation in the Indian Ocean commercial network , creating a lot of the coastal city, for example, was established in 1000 in the city before and after bone are bundles of wood (now of Mogadishu, Mogadishu).
other than Islam in Africa then? it mostly Bantu various ethnic groups of immigrants the world is that they will iron scattered throughout sub-Saharan black Africa. Davidson, dean of African History (Basil Davidson) to the year 1000 as a watershed: At this point, the spread of iron substantially completed, then, black Africa into delivery of Central Asian Turkic and Muslim of the critical juncture. Chinese people called Manichaeism in the mix. this diverse Kashgar in western Xinjiang, and the Elgin area, who was Geluo Lu Jianguo people (Qarluqs), who originally belong to the same Tiele and Uighur tribes alliance. This change occurred in the mid-10th century. In the late 10th century, and later Muslim dominated south plug trusted zone Seoul column Feng Muslim family also changed. These people are Turkic (Turkish) people. Of course, the year 1000 is only a start, the complete Turkestan Islamic oriented, to the Khanate of the 14th century under the side table in the Caha completed.
As already mentioned: the change within the empire with great food is closely related to the collapse of the Asian line of defense. Turks converted to Islam, to guide the country Salman Samantha Rebel bit Essenes in Afghanistan gamma power, great food for the Turks within the Islamic regime first. Later, it put together with the input of military slavery and the North Indian Muslims.
because the big food empire and Central Asia This qualitative change, so that the year 1000 India became a huge turning point. the 7th century, when Xuanzang visited North India, the Buddhism of the Tantric Buddhism and Hinduism is becoming inseparable, resulting in the decline of Buddhism, and Hinduism is Vedanta internal movement and the religious school (bhakti) the rise of the latter into a mass movement to the end of the first millennium AD has been overwhelming Buddhism. from the AD 997 onwards, gamma and color repeated attacks from Afghanistan, Nepal North India, the killing of Hindus big plus. But in the early 12th century, a Muslim in Afghanistan following the profile from Seoul (Ghorid) regime invaded northern India, the Buddhist practice of the same destroyed, the foundation has gone down in its own family of Buddhism from devastated 7. In 1211, the conqueror of Delhi, in India a slave to the Sudanese regime (Slave Sultanate of Delhi). Islam represents a difficult absorption of the Indian caste system culture, resulting in today's confrontation in South Asia and India to send back to the situation of the two, instead of the first millennium AD, the Buddha of two large Indian Bureau of competition.
so fierce offensive to Islam, is simply to cover the entire Central Asia and Mongolia, and even swept Northeast Asia and with them. This is not nonsense. Before that, from the West of Zoroastrianism, Nestorianism, Manichaeism has been introduced in Asia, as far away as East Asia 8. Turkic Empire traces of Zoroastrianism impact, friction Nepal Education as the state religion of the Uigur empire, and almost won the Nestorian Mongol conquest group. Uighur Mongolian text from the book, which originated from the same root with the Arabic script Sogdian Central Asia, West Asia, both born out of the Aramaic sub-letters, and Ancestor is the Phoenician alphabet. Then from the Manchu language is adapted from the book of Mongolia. Islam is a master of the ancient West Asian cultures, it received the West's cultural hegemony in East Asia is natural.
but cloth power times (with Emperor Taizong also) the introduction of Buddhism, said, Philip of . including Asian, Tibetan Buddhism and Islam then split the Autumn.
six today laid the foundation stone of
Southeast Asia before and after the year 1000, include a major accident in Southeast Asia: Vietnam became an independent country free of Chinese rule, in addition to the Indochina Peninsula Vietnam, the rest are turned Theravada (formerly known as Theravada) Buddhism, words, today the cultural identity of the region began in real time. South-East Asia Department of Pali Theravada Buddhism in Sri Lanka is mainly affected by the impact but the South Pacific island countries but in 1000, after years of moving away from India, paving the way for the subsequent input of Islam.
originally established in Myanmar believe in a Burman Alicante (Ari) to teach, is passed down from the deformation of Tibetan Buddhism, but when the occupation of south China Puma tribe of the northern Burma where to start understanding Theravada. They built the capital in 849 Pu in dry (Pagan) city, but the generally accepted law of Myanmar founder was Nu Tuo (Anawratha) the king and his rule from 1044 to 1077. his term of office annexed south of the Mon culture more advanced Asian countries, was shocked by their (Talaing) letters, beginning with the text. After the decline of Buddhism in Indian, Bangladeshi and Sri Lankan nation state still keep in touch. A Tuo slave law inherited the policy, often sending artisans to help repair the Buddhist heritage of Sri Lanka, while Sri Lanka's Sinhalese (Sinhalese) the monarch will rebate to the tooth. Nu Tuo law committed to the dissemination of Theravada Buddhism in Indochina, in addition to Vietnam are subject to its sweep.
Siamese was not the rise of the country, east of Myanmar is to establish the true wax Khmer Empire, its cultural tone is the mixture of Mahayana Buddhism and Hinduism. I, from Jesus Bamo (Yasovarman I, 889-900), first built Angkor Thom to Surya Bamo II (Suryavarman II, 1113-1150) to create a new Angkor, real wax into the heyday of influence extended to the brow Nanhe River. In other words, Millennium is the transfer of two centuries before and after the heyday of the Angkor culture. But the spread of Theravada Buddha's denial of faith, and shake the royal religious foundations, contributed to the disintegration of the empire real wax.
after the fall of the Tang Dynasty , a thousand years of Chinese rule in Vietnam declared independence in 939 years, but seven years of the early days the situation extremely unstable, until 1009 the Li set up, can one truly nation-building, known as the occupied by the Ming dynasty between 1428 and maintain independence from French rule was so far over a thousand years. But unlike other countries in Indochina Ruran Indian culture is so deep, Vietnam belongs to the Chinese cultural sphere, in the maintenance of the Mahayana Buddhist faith of .
islands in Southeast Asia, Srivijaya turn of the millennium is the Golden Age. This is the Malay establishment of Palembang in Sumatra (Palembang) as the central control of the Malay Peninsula and the Straits of Malacca empire, has long been Tang middleman for overseas trade. It caused the monopoly of South India Revealed (Chola) Empire of the discontent. South Indian Hindu culture of the Northern India and the Islamic essentially two of the world. The latter are mainly Indo-European, in history is an extension of the Asia. South Indian Dravidian languages primarily, the face of the Indian Ocean. Back in 1007, the Empire's Law Revealed in Luo Du Du I, (Rajaraja I) on the threatened expedition Srivijaya , but to be his successor I of Romania She Indra (Rajaendra I) conquered Sri Lanka, Uganda Tea (Orissa), Bangladesh, the Ganges delta, as the overlord of the Bay of Bengal, the radius of the dream. He was captured in 1024 led the Navy's giant Hong Kong, spent three Buddha King of Qi room, set up puppet regimes. them was Malaysian national recovery, the expelled Revealed in the Strait of Malacca. This is a turning point in the history of Malay nationalism: from Indian religious and cultural decline and a few to disappear, to the thirteenth century, Islamic culture began to rise, gradually become mainstream.
This time, the introduction of Islam is a peaceful, multi-Lai business travel and missionary activity, similar to the Swahili coast of East Africa the process of Islam, but its origin Islam was the coast of India to business travel base, rather than the Arabian Peninsula and the Persian Gulf. This Yidongyixi occupied two Muslim new who will determine the turn of the millennium after the Indian Ocean inland sea gradually evolved into the fate of Islam. This is for cultural hegemony speaking, economic development, the beginning of the year 1000 depends on the Song of the Indian Ocean of the coming boom.
China and the shift of Islam in Southeast Asia, to the 15th century, Zheng He Zheng of China in the Indian Ocean feat reflect the forces of the extreme peaks, Guowei flown to the Swahili coast. This inland sea in the Indian Ocean on the eve of a Muslim, but Muslim representatives of the Chinese sent a heavenly if by chance?
seven Northeast sub-step on the stage of world history before 1000 AD
Northeast Asian history can be contained there, but as a whole that is the history of the Sea of Japan as the seas rise units in the turn of the millennium. Japan by Don localization of the transferred today the formation of the Border South Korea, East Hu system and the long-term Sushen entered China in the last couple of years, all from the beginning.
Japan, Japanese government to implement the overall finished in the seventh century has been caused by Tang of Beijing and local peace .12 century swordsman alienation between the rise of local factors on the Kyoto Day celebration chaos . The latter refers to the late 12th century from the 10th century to the local art ...
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